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| Terms | Type | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| California Verbal Learning Test | task | No definition submitted yet. |
| California Verbal Learning Test-II | task | A comprehensive and detailed assessment of verbal learning and memory available for older adolescents and adults. In addition to recall and recognition scores, it measures encoding strategies, learning rates, error types, and other process data. |
| Cambridge Face Memory Test | task | a test with high reliability and validity that assesses the ability to learn and then recognize six new faces. |
| Cambridge Gambling Task | task | A behavioral task intended to measure risky decision making by subjects. A token is hidden under one of six boxes that are each one of two colors.Different trials have different ratios between box colors(3:3,4:2,5:1)... |
| Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery | task | is a computer-based cognitive assessment system consisting of a battery of neuropsychological tests, administered to subjects using a touch screen computer. The 22 tests in CANTAB examine various areas of cognitive function, including: * general memory and learning, * working memory and executive function, * visual memory, * attention and reaction time (RT), * semantic/verbal memory, * decision making and response control... |
| Cambridge risk task | task | |
| capacity limitation | concept | No definition submitted yet |
| capsaicin-evoked pain | task | Capsaicin, the active ingredient of chili peppers, is injected intradermally into the skin and participants rate the experienced sensation on a rating scale. |
| case based reasoning | concept | the process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems. |
| CatBat task | task | No definition submitted yet. |
| categorical clustering | concept | No definition submitted yet |
| categorical knowledge | concept | knowledge about different attributes and uses of an object that allows it to be placed in a group of objects with similar attributes and uses. |
| categorical perception | concept | No definition submitted yet |
| categorization | concept | the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated and understood. |
| categorization task | task | Task in which a subject classifies stimuli into one of a set of categories |
| category based induction | concept | requires that information about one set of categories is used to infer something about another category. A set of premises establishes that one or more categories possess a certain property. The premises are followed by an assertion (the conclusion) that a target category also possesses that property... |
| category fluency test | task | a psychological test in which participants have to say as many words as possible from a category in a given time (usually 60 seconds), this category can be semantic, such as animals or fruits, or phonemic, such as words that begin with letter p. |
| category learning | concept | is a strategy which requires a learner to compare and contrast groups or categories that contain concept-relevant features with groups or categories that do not contain concept-relevant features. |
| cattell culture fair intelligence test | task | No definition submitted yet. |
| causal inference | concept | The process of defining that one state/object/event determines the occurrence of another state/object/event. |
| central attention | concept | is the cognitive process that allows one to focus on the most important and relevant train of thought that needs to be attended to in a specific situation. |
| Central Coherence | concept | A person's ability to understand things in context |
| central executive | concept | The core mental process of working memory that allows for information that is stored in short-term memory to be actively manipulated (e.g., mental arithmetic). The term 'central executive' is typically associated with psychologist Alan Baddeley's "Model of Working Memory". |
| centration | concept | the tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others. |
| chemonociception | concept | working memory |
| Chewing/Swallowing | task | Subjects chew an oral stimulus that is not food (e.g., gum) or swallow their own saliva. If the oral stimulus is food or liquid that is swallowed, then the correct paradigm class is Eating/Drinking. |
| Chimeric Animal Stroop Task | task | A task in which participants are shown pictures of chimeric animals (such as a duck's head attached to a cow's body) and asked to name animal that the head belongs to while ignoring the identity of the body, or vice versa... |
| choice | concept | the mental process of judging the merits of multiple options and selecting one of them. |
| choice reaction time task | task | Choice reaction time tasks require distinct responses for each possible class of stimulus. For example, the subject might be asked to press one button if a red light appears and a different button if a yellow light appears. |
| Choice task between risky and non-risky options | task | a choice made between two or more options when one of those options has some probability >0 of producing either a reinforcing or an aversive consequence |
| chromatic contrast | concept | When a small patch is surrounded by a color field, the patch appears to be tinted in the opponent color of the surrounding field. |
| chunk | concept | Structure in memory that is used as a unit of knowledge representation. Also refers to the process of learning by which these units are acquired. |
| chunking | concept | The process of recoding information by splitting or reorganizing it into smaller parts. Actually: combining several smaller items into a larger "group" item, i.e.: 3 separate "incoming aircraft" considered as "3 incoming aircraft"... |
| Classical Conditioning | task | Subjects are presented with paired stimuli in an attempt to study associative learning or get a subject to react to the conditioned stimulus in the same manner as the unconditioned stimulus, demonstrating a learned association between the two. |
| classification probe without feedback | task | is preformed after receiving training in the classification learning task. It is similar to the classification learning task but in this task the subject does not receive feedback. |
| Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-3 | task | 3rd edition of an assessment used to evaluate the nature and extent of language difficulties in school children and adolescents. |
| cognition | concept | The process of thought; includes all psychological/mental functions that allow for subsequent reflection given some information. |
| cognitive control | concept | The top-down modulation of cognitive processes based on higher-order representations such as goals or plans. |
| cognitive development | concept | the construction of thought processes, including remembering, problem solving, and decision-making, from childhood through adolescence to adulthood. |
| cognitive dissonance | concept | The mental state in which a person holds multiple conflicting ideas simultaneously |
| cognitive effort | concept | No definition submitted yet |
| cognitive heuristic | concept | are simple, efficient rules, hard-coded by evolutionary processes or learned, which have been proposed to explain how people make decisions, come to judgments, and solve problems, typically when facing complex problems or incomplete information... |
| cognitive load | concept | The amount of demand placed on working memory, typically expressed along some continuum and within a theoretical maximum. |
| cognitive map | concept | a type of mental processing composed of a series of psychological transformations by which an individual can acquire, code, store, recall, and decode information about the relative locations and attributes of phenomena in their everyday or metaphorical spatial environment. |
| Cold Pressor test | task | The hand or foot is immersed into a bowl of iced water and participants report their sensation from first clear pain to unbearable pain on a scale. |
| cold stimulation | task | A noxious cold stimulus is applied to the skin and the participant rates the experienced sensation on a visual analogue scale. |
| color naming task | task | |
| color perception | concept | The process of distinguishing objects based on the wavelengths of the light they reflect or emit. |
| color trails test | task | No definition submitted yet. |
| color-discrimination task | task | is a behavioral task where a subject is to make specific responses when presented with particular colors. The responses to the various colors are then evaluated to see if the subject was able to discern between different colors... |
| Color-word Stroop Task | task | A task in which single words (including names of colors) are presented in colored ink, and the subject is asked to name the color of the ink as quickly as possible. The ink color may either match or conflict with the color name... |
| communication | concept | a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior. |
| competition | concept | the act or process of competing; active demand by two or more organisms or kinds of organisms for some environmental resource in short supply; a contest between rivals. |
| complex span test | task | No definition submitted yet. |
| comprehension | concept | the act or action of grasping with the intellect, understanding; the capacity for understanding fully. |
| concept | concept | a cognitive unit of meaning—an abstract idea or a mental symbol sometimes defined as a "unit of knowledge," built from other units which act as a concept's characteristics. |
| concept learning | concept | Concept learning, also known as category learning and concept attainment, is largely based on the works of the cognitive psychologist Jerome Bruner. Bruner, Goodnow, & Austin (1967) defined concept attainment (or concept learning) as "the search for and listing of attributes that can be used to distinguish exemplars from non exemplars of various categories... |
| conceptual category | concept | No definition submitted yet |
| conceptual coherence | concept | combining a set concepts to make sense of a situation or set of situations. |
| conceptual metaphor | concept | In cognitive linguistics, metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain; for example, using one person's life experience to understand a different person's experience... |
| conceptual planning | concept | No definition submitted yet |
| conceptual skill | concept | is the ability to form concepts about abstract and complex ideas such as communication, language, time, and money, for example. |
| conceptualization | concept | to form a concept of; to interpret. |
| conditional reasoning | concept | the reasoner must draw a conclusion based on a conditional, or “if…then,” proposition. |
| Conditional stop signal task | task | A task in which an external stimulus signals the participant to interrupt an already-initiated motor response, but only for a subset of possible responses. |
| conflict detection | concept | No definition submitted yet |
| conjunction search | concept | the process of searching for a target that is not defined by any single unique visual feature, but by a combination of two or more features. |
| conjunction search task | task | A task that requires the subject to search for a stimulus defined by a combination of visual features. |
| connotation | concept | the suggesting of a meaning by a word apart from the thing it explicitly names or describes; something suggested by a word or thing; the signification of something; an essential property or group of properties of a thing named by a term in logic. |
| consciousness | concept | the quality or state of being aware especially of something within oneself; the state or fact of being conscious of an external object, state, or fact; the state of being characterized by sensation, emotion, volition, and thought; the totality of conscious states of an individual; the normal state of conscious life,(regained consciousness); the upper level of mental life of which the person is aware as contrasted with unconscious processes... |
| consolidation | concept | the process of uniting, the quality or state of being united. |
| constancy | concept | steadfastness of mind under duress; a state of being constant or unchanging. |
| constituent structure | concept | is an analysis, often in the form of a schematic representation, of the constituents of a construction, such as a sentence. |
| context | concept | A set of interrelated conditions in which something exists or occurs (e.g., a style of language in a particular passage, activity of a given regions given sensory input). |
| context dependent | concept | is a class of memory that refers to improved recall of specific episodes or information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same. |
| context memory | concept | refers to improved recall of specific episodes or information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are similar. |
| contextual cueing task | task | |
| contextual knowledge | concept | information, and/or skills that have particular meaning because of the conditions that form part of their description. |
| contingency learning | concept | No definition submitted yet |
| Continuous Performance Task | task | A task in which subjects are presented with a stream of letters, and must respond to one of the letters and refrain from responding to any other letters. |
| continuous recognition paradigm | task | In the continuous recognition paradigm, study and test phases are not separate entities, but rather, items are continuously presented and the participant is instructed to respond to an item as "old" if it has been seen before (generally presented a second time) in this continual stream of item presentation... |
| contrastive stress | concept | No definition submitted yet |
| conventionality | concept | the quality, fact, or condition of being conventional; conventional behavior or act; a conventional form, usage, or rule. |
| convergent thinking | concept | analytical, usually deductive, thinking in which ideas are examined for their logical validity or in which a set of rules is followed. |
| conversation | concept | An exchange of sentiments, observations, opinions, or ideas. |
| conversational norm | concept | No definition submitted yet |
| conversational speech | concept | is interactive, more-or-less spontaneous, communication between two or more conversants. Interactivity occurs because contributions to a conversation are response reactions to what has previously been said... |
| conversational structure | concept | is the organization of interactive, more-or-less spontaneous, communication between two or more conversants. |
| coordination | concept | is the act of coordinating, making different people or things work together for a goal or effect. |
| coproduction | concept | No definition submitted yet |
| coreference | concept | a relationship between two words or phrases in which both refer to the same person or thing and one stands as a linguistic antecedent of the other. |
| Corsi Blocks | task | was developed in the early 1970s as a visuospatial counterpart to the verbal-memory span task (Milner, 1971). Over the years, it has frequently been used to assess visuospatial short-term memory performance in adults (e... |
| Counting Stroop Task | task | No definition submitted yet. |
| Counting/Calculation | task | Subjects count, add, subtract, multiply, or divide various stimuli (numbers, bars, dots, etc). |
| covert naming task | task | A task in which subjects name a stimulus silently |
| creative cognition | concept | involves two types of processes: generative processes and exploratory processes. Generative processes are those that most of us think about when we think of creativity. They are the processes by which creative concepts are first born... |
| creative problem solving | concept | the mental process of independently creating a solution to a problem without learned assistance. |
| creative thinking | concept | the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action (Scriven & Paul, 1992). |
| critical period | concept | a limited time in which an event can occur, usually to result in some kind of transformation; in developmental psychology and developmental biology, it is a time in the early stages of an organism's life during which it displays a heightened sensitivity to certain environmental stimuli, and develops in particular ways due to experiences at this time. |
| crossmodal | concept | Describes a complex of two or more modality-specific [unimodal] stimuli from different sensory modalities (from, Stein BE et al., (2009) Experimental brain research 198: 113-26. doi:10.1007/s00221-009-1880-8) |
| crosstalk | concept | biology: the phenomenon that signal components in signal transduction can be shared between different signal pathways and responses to a signal inducing condition (e.g., stress) can activate multiple responses in the cell/the organism... |
| crystallized intelligence | concept | the ability to utilize previously acquired knowledge and experience. |
| cue dependent forgetting | concept | is the failure to recall a memory due to missing stimuli or cues that were present at the time the memory was encoded. |
| cue validity | concept | the conditional probability that an object falls in a particular category given a particular feature or cue. |
| Cued Explicit Recognition | task | Subjects view a list of items (words, pictures, sounds, or abstract patterns) prior to scanning. During scanning, probe words are presented and subject recall if the words are familiar or unfamiliar. |
| cueing | concept | to give/present a stimulus that prompts a reaction. |
| Cups task | task | On each trial, participants choose between a risky and safe option. Each trial involves either gains or losses. The options are presented as a choice of cups. The risky option involves two to five cups, one containing a gain (loss) of $2, $3 or $5, and the others containing $0... |
| Cyberball task | task | A task in which subjects view a set of balls interacting in game. At some point one of the balls is excluded from the game, simulating social exclusion. |