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Terms Type Definition
abductive reasoningabductive reasoning concept the process of adopting an explanatory hypothesis; inferring the cause A as a possible explanation for the consequence B
abstract analogyabstract analogy concept high-level analogy that retains general information relevant to many specific instances
abstract knowledgeabstract knowledge concept Knowledge that is general and not tied to a specific instance.
Abstract/concrete judgment: BilingualAbstract/concrete judgment: Bilingual task Task in which subjects are presented with words that are either abstract or concrete nouns, and decide for each term whether it is abstract or concrete.
abstract/concrete taskabstract/concrete task task A task in which subjects decide whether words are abstract or concrete.
acoustic codingacoustic coding concept a type of short term memory coding that represents the acoustic properties of the signal
acoustic encodingacoustic encoding concept the processing and encoding of auditory input for storage and later retrieval.
acoustic phonetic processingacoustic phonetic processing concept the cognitive ability to discriminate items on the basis of contrasts in sonorance, manner, place, or voicing in auditory stimuli.
acoustic processingacoustic processing concept the extraction of information from signals propagated undersea, in the atmosphere, or in the solid earth in the presence of acoustic noise.
acoustic reflexacoustic reflex concept an involuntary muscle contraction that occurs in the middle ear of mammals in response to high-intensity sound stimuli.
actionaction concept the bringing about of an alteration by force or through a natural agency; expression by means of attitude, voice, and gesture; a function of the body or one of its parts; an act of will; a thing done; the accomplishment of a thing usually over a period of time, in stages, or with the possibility of repetition.
Action imitation taskAction imitation task task A task in which a participant sees another person perform an action and later performs the same action him/herself. Imitation can be immediate or delayed. It can be instructed or elicited implicitly (without the participant's conscious awareness)...
action initiationaction initiation concept the facilitation or initiation of an act
Action observation taskAction observation task task Subjects view images of actions in order to learn the action themselves.
action selectionaction selection concept The selection of one action from a set of possible actions.
activationactivation concept bio-chemical sciences: the process whereby something is prepared or excited for a subsequent reaction.
activation levelactivation level concept quantity or amount of activation
active maintenanceactive maintenance concept The maintenance of information in working memory through active (volitional) rather than passive means
active recallactive recall concept a principle of efficient learning, which claims the need to actively stimulate memory during the learning process.
active retrievalactive retrieval concept Effortful (volitional) attempt to consciously recollect a memory; often required when retrieval cannot be automatically driven by stimuli.
acuityacuity concept keenness of perception.
Acupuncture TaskAcupuncture Task task subjects are stimulated with Chinese acupuncture.
adaptationadaptation concept adjustment to environmental conditions; adjustment of a sense organ to the intensity or quality of stimulation; modification of an organism or its parts that makes it more fit for existence under the conditions of its environment...
adaptive controladaptive control concept modifying the control law used by a controller to cope with the fact that the parameters of the system being controlled are slowly time-varying or uncertain.
Adult Attachment InterviewAdult Attachment Interview task Standardized interview used to assess developmental and attachment history.
affect perceptionaffect perception concept The ability to understand a facial, vocal, or gestural behavior that serves as an indicator of emotion.
affect recognitionaffect recognition concept The ability to understand a physical expression that serves as an indicator of emotion.
alternating runs paradigmalternating runs paradigm task A type of task-switching paradigm in which two different tasks are presented in alternating runs or blocks
altruismaltruism concept having the motivation to help others without reward.
altruistic motivationaltruistic motivation concept A desire or need to help others driven by selflessness.
alveolaralveolar concept of, relating to, resembling, or having alveoli; of, relating to, or constituting the part of the jaws where the teeth arise, the air-containing compartments of the lungs, or glands with secretory cells about a central space; articulated with the tip of the tongue touching or near the teethridge.
amodal representationamodal representation concept The way the brain codes multiple inputs such as words and pictures to integrate and create a larger conceptual idea; independent of a particular modality
analog representationanalog representation concept a value or variable in analog form.
analogical encodinganalogical encoding concept No definition submitted yet
analogical inferenceanalogical inference concept is the ability to reason by permitting the extension of knowledge of a target domain by virtue of its similarity to a base domain. The general procedure for analogical inference involves copying structure from the base to the target in which missing information is generated, and substitutions are made for items for which analogical correspondences have already been found...
analogical problem solvinganalogical problem solving concept using principles or concepts from a well-understood situation to solve problems in a new domain or area
analogical reasoninganalogical reasoning concept a method of processing information that compares the similarities between new and understood concepts, then uses those similarities to gain understanding of the new concept; a form of inductive reasoning.
analogical reasoning taskanalogical reasoning task task
analogical transferanalogical transfer concept The transfer of knowledge from one situation to another by finding a set of one-to-one correspondences between aspects of one body of information and aspects of another.
analogyanalogy concept inference that if two or more things agree with one another in some respects they will probably agree in others; resemblance in some particulars between things otherwise unlike; correspondence between the members of pairs or sets of linguistic forms that serves as a basis for the creation of another form; correspondence in function between anatomical parts of different structure and origin.
anchoringanchoring concept a cognitive bias that describes the common human tendency to rely too heavily, or "anchor," on one trait or piece of information when making decisions.
animal naming taskanimal naming task task animals are presented, usually pictorially, and participants are asked to name them aloud
anomaly detectionanomaly detection concept detecting patterns in a given data set that do not conform to an established normal behavior.
anticipationanticipation concept The process before a certain event occurs
Antisaccade/prosaccade taskAntisaccade/prosaccade task task Subjects view a fixation point and a visual target is presented. Subjects are instructed to make a saccade away from the target (antisaccade) or to the target (prosaccade).
apparent motionapparent motion concept The illusory perception that movement is occurring in one or more static images.
apparent movementapparent movement concept the subjective perception of movement when in fact no physical movement is taking place.
apperceptionapperception concept the process by which new experience is assimilated to and transformed by the residuum of past experience of an individual to form a new whole.
appetitive motivationappetitive motivation concept behavior directed toward goals that are usually associated with positive hedonic processes.
arousalarousal concept to rouse or stimulate to action; physiological readiness for activity.
articulationarticulation concept the action or manner of jointing or interrelating; the state of being jointed or interrelated; the act of giving utterance or expression; a joint or juncture between bones or cartilages in the skeleton of a vertebrate.
articulatory looparticulatory loop concept (also referred to as the ‘phonological loop’), is one of the subsystems postulated in Alan Baddeley’s multicomponent model of WORKING MEMORY, specialized for the temporary storage of verbal information...
articulatory planningarticulatory planning concept The action of coordinating complex tongue and mouth movements in order to produce sound.
articulatory rehearsalarticulatory rehearsal concept the process of subvocally repeating material that is to be stored in memory.
artificial grammar learning taskartificial grammar learning task task
assimilationassimilation concept the process of receiving new facts or of responding to new situations in conformity with what is already available to consciousness.
associationassociation concept an organization of persons having a common interest; something linked in memory or imagination with a thing or person; the process of forming mental connections or bonds between sensations, ideas, or memories.
association learningassociation learning concept learning process in which two or more items or concepts become associated with each other; often used in relation to learned stimulus-response associations
attachmentattachment concept the state of being personally attached; the physical connection by which one thing is attached to another; the process of physically attaching.
attended channelattended channel concept the particular input, out of two or more, that is consciously perceived due to attention.
attended stimulusattended stimulus concept the specific object in the environment on which attention is focused.
attentionattention concept the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things.
attention capacityattention capacity concept refers to the extent that one can allocate their processing resources.
attention networks testattention networks test task involves presenting participants with flanker stimuli in which a target item (>) is surrounded by congruent (> > > > >), neutral (- - > - -), or incongruent ( > > >) flankers. Stimulus presentation is preceded by different cue conditions and the participant is instructed to identify the target stimulus.
attention shiftattention shift concept The change that occurs when information that is currently active in the mind is replaced by other information. The information content is typically sensory in nature.
attention shiftingattention shifting concept The process by which information that is currently relevant in the mind is replaced by other information. This information is typically sensory in nature but may also be semantic.
attention spanattention span concept Amount of time or space that an individual can dedicate to particular task or content without becoming distracted.
attentional blink taskattentional blink task task attentional processing of a first stimulus interferes with and/or delays the allocation of attention to a second stimulus if the second is presented before the processing of the first has been completed.
attentional effortattentional effort concept a motivated activation of attention systems in order to stabilize or recover attentional performance in response to the detection of errors and reward loss or, more generally, deteriorating attentional performance; amount of attentional resources needed for a particular situation
attentional focusingattentional focusing concept The ability to focus attention on cues in the environment that are relevant to the task in hand; can also include suppression of distracting stimuli
attentional resourcesattentional resources concept amount of available attentional capacity
attentional stateattentional state concept referring to amount of attentional resources being engaged; a relaxed attentional state requires little attentional effort, whereas an alert, focused attentional state requires more
attitudeattitude concept a position assumed for a specific purpose; a mental position with regard to a fact or state; an organismic state of readiness to respond in a characteristic way to a stimulus (as an object, concept, or situation).
audio-visual target-detection taskaudio-visual target-detection task task This task pairs auditory and visual stimuli. Participants are asked to indicate when the paired stimuli are presented in synchrony, or to identify the locations of the stimuli among distracting visual and auditory information.
audiovisual perceptionaudiovisual perception concept a single unified awareness derived from the integration of auditory and visual sensory processes when a audiovisual stimulus is present.

auditionaudition concept the power or sense of hearing; the act of hearing.
auditoryauditory concept of or relating to hearing; attained, experienced, or produced through or as if through hearing; marked by great susceptibility to impressions and reactions produced by acoustic stimuli.
auditory attentionauditory attention concept is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one auditory stream in the environment while ignoring others.
auditory codingauditory coding concept processing and encoding of sound, words, and all other auditory input for storage and later retrieval. According to Baddeley, processing of auditory information is aided by the concept of the phonological loop, which allows input within our echoic memory.
auditory encodingauditory encoding concept the process of storing auditory information in memory.
auditory feedbackauditory feedback concept is provided by auditory stimulation in response to specific behavior. The feedback may be used to amend subsequent behavior, cognition, perception or performance.
auditory groupingauditory grouping concept joining disparate sounds together into one percept; assessing which acoustic streams belong together
auditory imageryauditory imagery concept the subjective experience of hearing in the absence of auditory stimulation.
auditory learningauditory learning concept a learning style in which a person learns through listening.
auditory lexical accessauditory lexical access concept The process by which the basic sound-meaning connections of language, i.e., lexical entries, are activated.
auditory localizationauditory localization concept a listener's ability to identify the location or origin of a detected sound.
auditory maskingauditory masking concept the perception of one sound is affected by the presence of another sound; presenting a sound to interfere with or terminate a target sound
auditory memoryauditory memory concept the cognitive capacity of storing and retrieving information related to sound.
auditory perceptionauditory perception concept The ability to identify, interpret, and attach meaning to sound.
auditory sceneauditory scene concept auditory scene analysis is the process by which the human auditory system organizes sound into perceptually meaningful elements.
auditory scene analysisauditory scene analysis concept the process by which the human auditory system organizes sound into perceptually meaningful elements.
auditory sentence comprehensionauditory sentence comprehension concept ability to combine auditory words into a meaningful sentence unit.
auditory stream segregationauditory stream segregation concept the perceptual grouping of sounds to form coherent representations of objects in the acoustic scene; a fundamental aspect of hearing and speech perception.
auditory temporal discrimination taskauditory temporal discrimination task task A task in which the subject discriminates auditory stimuli based on temporal characteristics.
auditory word comprehensionauditory word comprehension concept ability to parse acoustic signals into meaningful words
auditory word recognitionauditory word recognition concept ability to recognize acoustically presented words
auditory working memoryauditory working memory concept Working memory for auditory information
Autism Diagnostic Observation ScheduleAutism Diagnostic Observation Schedule task Series of structured and semi-structured tasks that involve social interaction between the examiner and the subject. Subject is given opportunities to exhibit social and communication behaviors relevant to Austism
autobiographical memoryautobiographical memory concept a memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual’s life, based on a combination of episodic (personal experiences and specific objects, people and events experienced at particular time and place) and semantic (general knowledge and facts about the world) memory.
autobiographical memory taskautobiographical memory task task
autobiographical recallautobiographical recall concept episodes recollected from an individual’s life, based on a combination of episodic (personal experiences and specific objects, people and events experienced at particular time and place) and semantic (general knowledge and facts about the world) memory...
automaticityautomaticity concept largely or wholly involuntary; especially; acting or done spontaneously or unconsciously; done or produced as if by machine; having a self-acting or self-regulating mechanism.
availability heuristicavailability heuristic concept A heuristic in which people predict the frequency of classes or the probability of events based on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind.
aversive learningaversive learning concept behavior modification using an adverse stimulus in response to the inappropriate or undesirable behavior.
awarenessawareness concept having knowledge or cognizance.
AX-CPT taskAX-CPT task task A version of the continuous performance task in which subjects are told to make one response for the letter X when it was preceded by the letter A, and another response for all other stimuli.
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